Mobile Wireless Networks

Introduction

Mobile Wireless Networks basically are of two types. One called infrastructure wireless network, which requires centalized access point or base station to coordinate the communication among the mobile nodes connected to it through the wireless link. All the base stations (or access points) are connected through wired links so that mobile nodes in the range of one base station can communiacte with the nodes in other base station's range. Cellular Network is an example of Infrastructure Wireless Networks. Second one is called Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). It doesn't require any centralized node to coordinate the communication. All the mobile nodes collectively establish connectivity among themselves. These networks are usually multihop networks as opposed to Infrastructure wireless networks. In infrastructure wireless networks all the mobile nodes are only one hop away from the base station. In MANET if a node wants to send a message to another node which is not in its range the intermediate nodes forward the message to the recipient.

The protocols desinged for Infrastructure Wireless Networks or Wired Networks are not adaptable to MANETs because of its special characteristcs. The special characteristics include the following.

1. Mobile nodes do not rely on any centalized node for communication.
2. Dynamic topology (as the nodes are mobile).
3. Bandwidth is a scarce resource when compared to wired networks.
4. Power-constrained networks as all the mobile nodes rely on batteries.

Objectives

Multimedia communication over network requires some Quality-of-Service (QoS) guarantees. Satisfying the QoS guarantees is difficult in MANETs due to the same special characteristics mentioned above. So protocols which take the special characteristics MANET environment into consideration need to be designed.

About this book

Mobile and Wireless Network Security and Privacy analyzes important security and privacy problems in the realms of wireless networks and mobile computing. The material includes a report to the National Science Foundation of the United States which will be used by program managers for the foundation in setting priorities for research directions in this area. In the following chapters field experts expand upon the report and provide further information about important research directions in the fields of wireless networks and mobile computing. The chapters are written by the leading international researchers and professionals in thes fields. Each chapter represents state-of-the-art research and includes several influential contributions. A multitude of valuable discussions on relevant concepts, such as the various approaches that define emerging security and privacy in mobile and wireless environment, are featured.

The book is useful to researchers working in the fields of mobile and wireless security and privacy and to graduate students seeking new areas to perform research. It also provides information for academics and industry people researching recent trends and developments in the mobile and wireless security fields.

Written for:

Researchers in mobile and network security; libraries

Intel® PRO/Wireless Network Connection

The Intel® PRO/Wireless Network Connection is the integrated Wireless LAN (WLAN) solution for Intel® Centrino® processor technology and desktop personal computers. The Intel PRO/Wireless Network Connection provides freedom and flexibility to work and play without hunting for a phone jack, network cable, or plugging in a special card. Get connected through wireless LAN networks in your home, in the office, and in wireless LAN hotspots in airports, hotels and coffee shops. + Deploying WLAN technology in your home and business increases productivity, efficiency and flexibility by enabling faster decision making, reducing down-time, and enhancing employee satisfaction. For more information visit our WLAN ROI and WLAN Deployment web pages. Resources Cisco Intel Alliance VoIP Intel® PROSet Wireless Web Demo (SWF 3MB) Related Products Intel® PROSet/Wireless Software Intel® Centrino® Processor Technology Choice of Products Dual and Tri-Mode Solutions The Intel® PRO/Wireless network connection provides deployment flexibility and connectivity convenience by offering a choice of products including a dual mode (supporting 802.11b/g), and a tri-mode (supporting 802.11a/b/g) product. Ease-of-Use and Manageability Intel® PROSet/Wireless Software is an advanced wireless client that is designed for usability. It includes an intuitive user interface where, at a glance, the user is provided an overview of the WLAN environment. For example, all available networks, along with their corresponding signal strength, technology type, network name, and security status is displayed on the main screen. In addition, users can see all of their profiles and can import/export profiles between systems. Intel® PROSet◊ software enables a superior mobile experience for consumers and enterprise users by providing: Intel® Smart Wireless Solutions support including: Security Assistant - simplifies WLAN security configuration Wireless Troubleshooter - assists users with WLAN connectivity and captures events for troubleshooting Save profiles that allow users to automatically connect and securely switch between networks IT Administrator Tool - enabling network managers to remotely manage and update wireless settings on clients Centralized Profile Management simplifies IT profile distribution Single Sign On support enabling a single set of credentials to authenticate the user to both WLAN network and the machine/domain Wake on WLAN - allows remote wake up of mobile clients to perform software updates EAP-SIM support allowing one-bill roaming between cellular networks and supported WLAN hotspots Network Robustness As enterprises continue to deploy and invest in WLAN infrastructure, Intel is helping enable additional usage models and functionality that will put their WLAN investment to even greater use. Business Class Wireless Suite, a collaboration between Intel and Cisco, provides integrated wireless LAN solutions to enable new applications and higher performance for businesses when using Intel® PRO/Wireless 3945ABG Network Connection and Cisco* Unified Wireless Architecture. New capabilities include Enhanced VoIP Quality Technology and Optimal AP Selection Technology. In addition, Noise Interference Filter enhances performance especially in areas with wireless signal overlap. Security Intel Centrino processor technology supports the latest industry standards enabling safer notebook connectivity. It also provides third-party security enhancement support for Cisco* Compatible Extensions (such as LEAP, EAP-FAST and CKIP.)§ With a PC manufacturers' certification, this feature enables interoperability with Cisco* Unified Wireless Architecture and other Cisco* compatible validated products.§ Performance With throughput up to 54 Mbps at 5 GHz (802.11a) and 2.4 GHz (802.11g), the Intel® PRO/Wireless network connection family enables fast network connections. The Intel® Wireless Coexistence System helps reduce interference with certain Bluetooth* devices. Power Save Protocol (PSP) is a user selectable feature with five different power states, allowing the user to make their own power versus performance choice when in battery mode. For more information about the wireless LAN performance of Intel Centrino processor technology read our Performance White Paper or review the technical specifications in our product briefs. Great Battery Life The Intel® PRO/Wireless network supports the great battery life benefits of Intel Centrino processor technology. Intel® Intelligent Scanning Technology reduces power by controlling the frequency of scanning for access points. Verification Intel Centrino processor technology is being verified with leading VPN infrastructure products. Intel is working with hardware and software developers and wireless service providers to deliver a reliable and integrated wireless mobile computing experience

Wireless enterprise networking with mobile software

Mobile software applications: When designing mobile software applications, is it worthwhile to have continuous online connections? Take a look at standards and implementation options for creating a successful and effective corporate mobile application.

---

by Jim Geier, principal, Wireless-Nets Ltd. Intel Corp.

Take a closer look at standards and implementation options for creating a successful and effective corporate mobile application.

Mobile software enables enterprise users to work more efficiently when they are away from their desks. But, when designing mobile software applications, developers need to consider whether it's worthwhile to have continuous online connections for users.

With an offline application, mobile software stores data on the client device, a configuration that doesn't permit the movement of information between the client device and a server while the user is moving around a facility. A person making use of an asset management application, for example, scans item bar codes that the application software stores on the memory card within the user device. At some point, the user connects the mobile device to a PC and uploads the corresponding data to a server. Of course this process doesn't involve wireless connectivity, except for the possibility of using a short-range wireless Bluetooth or Infra-Red (IrDA) connection when synchronizing the data.

An online wireless network solution automatically transmits data over a wireless network to the server, which eliminates the need to perform the manual data synchronization step. This enables the storing of data centrally on the server instead of on the handheld, making the data readily available to the application software and other users. Offline solutions are effective for many applications, but think about how your application works and then decide whether it's sensible to go wireless. For example, consider the tolerance of time delays when moving data back and forth between the user devices and the server. In some cases, such as web browsing, wireless may be an easy choice because users need the ability to continuously surf from site to site. Most control applications, such as sending guidance information to roving robots in a hospital, also require immediate updates sent over a wireless network. If the movement of data is needed quickly, then wireless is probably the way to go. Wireless network standards
The most common wireless network technology for supporting online applications in enterprises is IEEE 802.11, also known as Wi-Fi. A typical Wi-Fi wireless LAN consists of multiple access points throughout a facility that creates an interwoven collection of radio cells. Each access point provides wireless communications to users within its cell area and connects via a cable to a wired switch infrastructure. Each mobile user device has a radio interface card that associates with the nearest access point and is able to communicate wirelessly to any other wireless device or other resources connected to the wired infrastructure, such as the Internet.

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Omnitel Vodafone 3G Wireless Network, Italy

Omnitel Vodafone, one of the largest mobile phone providers in Italy, began the construction of a new 3G wireless network in 2001. The company gave the initial three-year planning, design and infrastructure construction contract worth €150 million to the Finnish telecoms company Nokia to provide their well-proven technology in the Nokia 3G network solution.

The Nokia package for Omnitel Vodafone includes the entire 3G mobility core network, which encompasses packet switched and circuit switched elements and related support services. In addition, Nokia have supplied the required 3G Radio Access Network (RAN) equipment which will allow Omnitel Vodafone to offer a step-wise introduction of services as the market and user needs evolve. To this end Omnitel Vodafone and Nokia established a service creation facility for 3G application development in Milan, which was complemented by a technology centre to test the evolution of 3G technology and equipment.

Omnitel had been pre-eminent in the Italian market offering mobile telecoms services since 1995 to over 16 million subscribers, but in early 2000 the company was acquired by the UK company Vodafone who were seeking to expand into Europe to extend their 'roaming capabilities' for 3G voice and data services. The Omnitel Vodafone 3G network with Wideband Code-Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) technology entered service on the 900MHz / 1,800MHz frequency bands in May 2004.

NORTEL NETWORKS - WIRELESS INTERNET INFRASTRUCTURE FOR UMTS

Omnitel Vodafone gave a contract to Nortel Networks of Hong Kong in June 2001 to supply wireless Internet infrastructure and services for their 3G Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) network. The Nortel Network Solutions use the company's 'wings of light' strategy which combines optical, wireless and Internet Protocol (IP) to provide a reliable, high-speed wireless broadband Internet service across the network.

The equipment installed for this area of the network includes: Nortel Network's e-mobility internet base transceiver stations (BTS) for wide area radio coverage; packet-based core networks with Nortel Network's Passport multi-service switches; Nortel Network's Preside services management; Nortel Network's Shasta 5000 Broadband Service Node (BSN); and Nortel Network's Alteon Web switching.

MARCONI - DARK FIBRE OPTICAL TRANSMISSION NETWORK

Omnitel Vodafone, in an effort to make their new 3G network future proof by safe guarding availability requirements and capacity demands for high-speed data services, gave a three-year contract to Marconi in 2002 to provide a 12,000km dark fibre optical transmission network (Transmission Backbone project). Marconi provided and installed more than 300 Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) optical systems, a technology that dramatically increases the data capacity of each optical fibre.

These systems, which are a hybrid technology from Photonics Line Terminals (PLT), Photonics Line Amplifiers (PLA) and Photonics Line Add/Drop (PLD), are able to support 2.5Gb/s and 10Gb/s signals from high bandwidth traffic, with a maximum capacity of 80 x 10Gbit channels. Marconi will provide the company with an integrated range of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) ring terminals, a DWDM line system based on Marconi PLx80 systems to connect the main Italian cities, optical cross connects, integrated network management, installation and training, together with network maintenance and full, unequivocal technical support. Omnitel Vodafone hopes to save costs by using their new dark fibre optical network rather than the previous leased lines.

XACCT TECHNOLOGIES - DATA COLLECTION AND ENHANCEMENT SYSTEMS

Omnitel Vodafone has also given a contract to XACCT Technologies, a leading network data management platform for global communications service providers. They have deployed XACCTmobile, a business platform for mobile operators who want to offer value-based mobile data services over General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and IP networks.

XACCTmobile is a software solution that combines multi-source, multi-layer data collection and enhancement systems with transactional account provisioning on a single platform. It allows service providers to capture and transform raw network usage data from GPRS, UMTS, and IP networks into the actionable business information needed for billing, churn reduction, fraud prevention, service level verification and customer services. XACCTmobile is based on XACCT Technologies 'Network-to-Business' (N2B) platform.

Get Ready For A Wire-Free Enterprise

Get Ready For A Wire-Free Enterprise



As the new 802.11n spec, with its increased speed, coverage, and reliability, intersects with a broader selection of vendor offerings, wireless is becoming a viable platform for mission-critical network connectivity.

May 27, 2008 - By Frank Bulk

Courtesy of InformationWeek

It's an oversimplification to say that 802.11n heralds the era of the wire-free office--though with top speeds of up to 300 Mbps, it's clearly a catalyst for cutting the cords that tether users to their desks. Yet there's no question that within a few years, Wi-Fi will become the new network edge for companies interested in saving money, attracting top talent, and increasing security.

Of course, pure-play wireless LAN vendors have been saying for a while now that wired Ethernet to the desktop is dead, despite lingering concerns about reliability, the suitability of WLANs for telephony, the complexity of managing mixed wireless and wired networks, branch office and teleworker support ... and, oh yeah, the fact that the legacy infrastructure is chugging along just fine.

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Business technology managers have long weighed these factors against the most touted benefit of Wi-Fi: increased productivity. The efficiency studies are many and the refrain generally the same: Wireless keeps information at employees' fingertips, enables quicker decision making, reduces downtime, and enables collaboration. But in today's tight economic environment, the savings picture is just as compelling. Intel estimates--and we agree--that moving to a largely wireless network can reduce capital costs 40% to 50% and operational costs 20% to 30%. Luc Roy, VP of enterprise mobility at Siemens Enterprise Communications, cites a Canadian government customer that's saving $500 per event for moves, additions, and changes.

With the rising price of all modes of travel, teleworking is looking mighty attractive as well, and IT can now extend wireless to remote sites. Aruba Networks recently announced an access point, developed with Avaya and called the Mobile Remote Access Point, that can use any broadband connection to provide secure access to business resources for both data and voice. All the employee needs is a single- or dual-mode phone, or a softphone on a wireless laptop. Remote and branch offices also are obvious places to take advantage of all-wireless access (see story, "Next-Gen IT: Building Better Branch-Office Wireless"), especially as management tools emerge for monitoring mixed-vendor WLANs (see story, "Rollout: AirWave's WLAN Management Suite Put To The Test").

Cisco Systems, Motorola, and others now offer 3G interfaces that can provide backups for branch offices and locations with minimal WAN connectivity, or for failover of critical applications. And WLAN security can beat that of most wired LANs--yes, you read that right. Sites looking into desktop virtualization should do fine on an all-Wi-Fi network as well, thanks to the small packet sizes inherent in virtual desktop infrastructures.cs Re our Analytics

Motorola sees 802.11n as an inflection point in the industry and has adopted the slogan "Wireless by default and wired by exception." It and other vendors are practicing what they preach, deploying ubiquitous WLANs in their own offices.

Should you follow suit?

Although wireless vendors such as Motorola are happy to promote the wire-free office concept, Ethernet switch sellers, including Cisco and Hewlett-Packard, approach the concept with caution. That's not surprising: Switch vendors stand to lose big money as we move away from Ethernet to the desktop. Even if companies pay the manufacturer's suggested retail price for enterprise-class 802.11n gear, it's still much less expensive per user than a new 10/100/1,000-Mbps switch deployment with $250-per-drop wiring costs.

Wireless PAN

Wireless PAN

Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) is a type of wireless network that interconnects devices within a relatively small area, generally within reach of a person. For example, BluetoothZigBee also supports WPAN applications.^[3] provides a WPAN for interconnecting a headset to a laptop.

[edit] Wireless LAN

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is a wireless alternative to a computer Local Area Network (LAN) that uses radio instead of wires to transmit data back and forth between computers in a small area such as a home, office, or school. Wireless LANs are standardized under the IEEE 802.11 series.

Screenshots of Wi-Fi Network connections in Microsoft Windows. Figure 1, left, shows that not all networks are encrypted (locked unless you have the code, or key), which means anyone in range can access them. Figures 2 and 3, middle and right, however, show that many networks are encrypted.

• Wi-Fi: Wi-Fi is a commonly used wireless network in computer systems to enable connection to the internet or other devices that have Wi-Fi functionalities. Wi-Fi networks broadcast radio waves that can be picked up by Wi-Fi receivers attached to different computers or mobile phones.
• Fixed Wireless Data: This implements point to point links between computers or networks at two locations, often using dedicated microwave or laser beams over line of sight paths. It is often used in cities to connect networks in two or more buildings without physically wiring the buildings together.

[edit] Wireless MAN

Wireless Metropolitan area networks are a type of wireless network that connects several Wireless LANs.

• WiMAX is the term used to refer to wireless MANs and is covered in IEEE 802.16d/802.16e.

[edit] Mobile devices networks

In recent decades with the development of smart phones, cellular telephone networks have been used to carry computer data in addition to telephone conversations:

• Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM): The GSM network is divided into three major systems: the switching system, the base station system, and the operation and support system. The cell phone connects to the base system station which then connects to the operation and support station; it then connects to the switching station where the call is transferred to where it needs to go. GSM is the most common standard and is used for a majority of cell phones.^[4]
• Personal Communications Service (PCS): PCS is a radio band that can be used by mobile phones in North America. Sprint happened to be the first service to set up a PCS.
• D-AMPS: D-AMPS, which stands for Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service, is an upgraded version of AMPS but it is being phased out due to advancement in technology. The newer GSM networks are replacing the older system.

See also mobile telecommunications.

Mobile IP

While Internet technologies largely succeed in overcoming the barriers of time and distance, existing Internet technologies have yet to fully accommodate the increasing mobile computer usage. A promising technology used to eliminate this current barrier is Mobile IP. The emerging 3G mobile networks are set to make a huge difference to the international business community. 3G networks will provide sufficient bandwidth to run most of the business computer applications while still providing a reasonable user experience.

However, 3G networks are not based on only one standard, but a set of radio technology standards such as cdma2000, EDGE and WCDMA. It is easy to foresee that the mobile user from time to time also would like to connect to fixed broadband networks, wireless LANs and, mixtures of new technologies such as Bluetooth associated to e.g. cable TV and DSL access points.

In this light, a common macro mobility management framework is required in order to allow mobile users to roam between different access networks with little or no manual intervention. (Micro mobility issues such as radio specific mobility enhancements are supposed to be handled within the specific radio technology.) IETF has created the Mobile IP standard for this purpose.

Mobile IP is different compared to other efforts for doing mobility management in the sense that it is not tied to one specific access technology. In earlier mobile cellular standards, such as GSM, the radio resource and mobility management was integrated vertically into one system. The same is also true for mobile packet data standards such as CDPD, Cellular Digital Packet Data and the internal packet data mobility protocol (GTP/MAP) of GPRS/UMTS networks. This vertical mobility management property is also inherent for the increasingly popular 802.11 Wireless LAN standard.

Mobile IP can be seen as the least common mobility denominator - providing seamless macro mobility solutions among the diversity of accesses. Mobile IP is defining a Home Agent as an anchor point with which the mobile client always has a relationship, and a Foreign Agent, which acts as the local tunnel-endpoint at the access network where the mobile client is visiting. Depending on which network the mobile client is currently visiting; its point of attachment Foreign Agent) may change. At each point of attachment, Mobile IP either requires the availability of a standalone Foreign Agent or the usage of a Co-located care-of address in the mobile client itself.

The concept of "Mobility" or "packet data mobility", means different things depending on what context the word is used within. In a wireless or fixed environment, there are many different ways of implementing partial or full mobility and roaming services. The most common ways of implementing mobility (discrete mobility or IP roaming service) support in today's IP networking environments includes simple "PPP dial-up" as well as company internal mobility solutions implemented by means of renewal of IP address at each new point of attachment. The most commonly deployed way of supporting remote access users in today's Internet is to utilize the public telephone network (fixed or mobile) and to use the PPP dial-up functionality.

Artificial Neural Network (ANN)

An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is an information-processing paradigm that is inspired by the way biological nervous systems, such as the brain, process information. The key element of this paradigm is the novel structure of the information processing system. It is composed of a large number of highly interconnected processing elements (neurons) working in unison to solve specific problems. ANNs, like people, learn by example. An ANN is configured for a specific application, such as pattern recognition or data classification, through a learning process. Learning in biological systems involves adjustments to the synaptic connections that exist between the neurons. This is true of ANNs as well.

Neural network simulations appear to be a recent development. However, this field was established before the advent of computers, and has survived several eras. Many important advances have been boosted by the use of inexpensive computer emulations. The first artificial neuron was produced in 1943 by the neurophysiologist Warren McCulloch and the logician Walter Pitts.

There were some initial simulations using formal logic. McCulloch and Pitts (1943) developed models of neural networks based on their understanding of neurology. These models made several assumptions about how neurons worked. Their networks were based on simple neurons, which were considered to be binary devices with fixed threshold.

Not only was neuroscience, but psychologists and engineers also contributed to the progress of neural network simulations. Rosenblatt (1958) stirred considerable interest and activity in the field when he designed and developed the Perceptron. The Perceptron had three layers with the middle layer known as the association layer. This system could learn to connect or associate a given input to a random output unit.

Another system was the ADALINE (Adaptive Linear Element) which was developed in 1960 by Widrow and Hoff (of Stanford University). The ADALINE was an analogue electronic device made from simple components. The method used for learning was different to that of the Perceptron, it employed the Least-Mean-Squares (LMS) learning rule. Progress during the late 1970s and early 1980s was important to the re-emergence on interest in the neural network field.Significant progress has been made in the field of neural networks-enough to attract a great deal of attention and fund further research. Neurally based chips are emerging and applications to complex problems developing. Clearly, today is a period of transition for neural network technology.

Neural networks, with their remarkable ability to derive meaning from complicated or imprecise data, can be used to extract patterns and detect trends that are too complex to be noticed by either humans or other computer techniques. A trained neural network can be thought of as an "expert" in the category of information it has been given to analyze. This expert can then be used to provide projections given new situations of interest and answer "what if" questions.

3G Vs WiFi

The two most important phenomena impacting telecommunications over the past decade have been explosive parallel growth of both the internet and mobile telephone services. The internet brought the benefits of data communications to the masses with email, the web, and ecommerce; while mobile service has enabled "follow-me anywhere/always on" telephony. The internet helped accelerate the trend from voice-centric to data-centric networking. Data already exceeds voice traffic and the data share continues to grow. Now these two worlds are converging. This convergence offers the benefits of new interactive multimedia services coupled to the flexibility and mobility of wireless. To realize the full potential of this convergence, however, we need broadband access connections.

Here we compare and contrast two technologies that are likely to play important roles: Third Generation mobile ("3G") and Wireless Local Area Networks ("WLAN") . The former represents a natural evolution and extension of the business models of existing mobile providers. In contrast, the WiFi approach would leverage the large installed base of WLAN infrastructure already in place. We use 3G and WiFi as shorthand for the broad classes of related technologies that have two quiet distinct industry origins and histories.

Speaking broadly, 3G offers a vertically -integrated , top -down , service - provider approach to delivering wireless internet access , while WiFi offers an end -user -centric , decentralized approach to service provisioning. We use these two technologies to focus our speculations on the potential tensions between these two alternative world views. The wireless future will include a mix of heterogenous wireless access technologies. Moreover, we expect that the two world views will converge such that vertically-integrated service providers will integrate WiFi or other WLAN technologies into their 3G or wire line infrastructure when this make sense. The multiplicity of potential wireless access technologies and /or business models provided some hope that we may be able to realize robust facilities - based competition for broadband local access services. If this occurs, it would help solve the "last mile" competition problem that has been deviled telecommunication policy.

SOME BACKGROUND ON WiFi AND 3G

3G:
3G is a technology for mobile service providers. Mobile services are provided by service providers that own and operate their own wireless networks and sell mobile services to and -users. Mobile service providers use licensed spectrum to provide wireless telephone coverage over some relatively large contiguous geographic service area. Today it may include the entire country. From a user's perspective, the key feature of mobile service is that it offers ubiquitous and continuous coverage. To support the service, mobile operators maintain a network of interconnected and overlapping mobile base stations that hand-off customers as those customers move among adjacent cells. Each mobile base station may support user's upto several kilometers away. The cell towers are connected to each other by a backhaul network that also provides interconnection to the wire line Public Switched Telecommunications Network (PSTN) and other services. The mobile system operator owns the end-to-end network from the base stations to the backhaul networks to the point of interconnection to the PSTN. Third
Generations (3G) mobile technologies will support higher bandwidth digital communications. To expand the range and capability of data services that can be supported by digital mobile systems, service providers will have to upgrade their networks to one of the 3G technologies which can support data rates of from 384Kbps up to 2Mbps.

WiFi
WiFi is the popular name for the wireless Ethernet 802.11b standard for WLANs . WiFi allows collections of PCs, terminals ,and other distributed computing devices to share resources and peripherals such as printers, access servers etc. One of the most popular LAN technologies was Ethernet.

HOW ARE WiFi AND 3G SAME
From the preceding discussion, it might appear that 3G and WiFi address completely different user needs in quiet distinct markets that do not overlap. While this was certainly more true about earlier generations of mobile services when compared with wired LANs or earlier versions of WLANs , it is increasingly not the case. The end- user does not care what technology is used to support his service. What matter is that both of these technologies are providing platforms for wireless access to the internet and other communication services.

Cisco IP Routing: Packet Forwarding and Intra-domain Routing Protocols

Name: Cisco IP Routing: Packet Forwarding and Intra-domain Routing Protocols
Author: By Alex Zinin
Publisher: Addison Wesley Professional
Pub Date: October 30, 2001
Print ISBN-10: 0-201-60473-6
Print ISBN-13: 978-0-201-60473-3
Pages: 656
Slots: 2.0
As a networking professional, you will find this practical guide an invaluable resource for understanding routing technologies and configuring and troubleshooting Cisco routers, as well as for studying for the CCIE exam. Cisco IP Routing presents the most thorough information available on the inner workings of Cisco routers. Focusing on intra-domain dynamic routing protocols, the book provides an in-depth understanding of IP routing and forwarding technologies, and their implementation within Cisco routers.

Connect mobile, wireless devices to your SAP system.

SAP system with a new or improved wireless network and mobile computers, for real-time data collection in your warehouse or manufacturing facility.

Mobile solutions for SAP R/3 include:

• Console Connect for SAP R/3 - Three-tier architecture appropriate only for "SAP always up" implementations. This solution offering is normally associated with a character mode translator (i.e. SAPConsole) functionality used in conjunction with a VT/ANSI telnet enabled device.
• Web Connect for SAP R/3 - Three-tier architecture incorporating the use of SAP's Web Application Server (WAS) that is appropriate only for "SAP always up" or "SAP usually up" implementations. This solution offering is normally associated with the use of a graphical client in both a connected and sometimes disconnected fashion
• Remote Connect for SAP R/3 - Three tier architecture appropriate for "off premise" or "disconnected" mobile applications. This solution offering is normally associated with the use of a graphical or palm device where SAP R/3 connectivity is established at limited intervals.

Project Service Offerings:

• Structured Methodology
  Project Justification Analysis
  Project Specification
  Project Implementation
• System Integration
• Go-Live Support
• Multi-Site Rollout Planning and Support
• Custom Application Development
• PLC - Mechanical Interfaces

Application Solutions:

• CRM
  Field Service
  Field Sales
• SAP Console
  Supply Management
  Logistics Execution (LES)
  Warehouse Management
  Data Collection
  Barcoding Solutions
• SAP Web Application Server (WAS)
• Real Time Solutions
  Wireless / "Wi-Fi"(RF)
• Disconnected Applications
  Remote Connectivity
• Multi-Platform (Dos, Palm, CE, other)