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Introduction
Mobile Wireless Networks basically are of two types. One called infrastructure wireless network, which requires centalized access point or base station to coordinate the communication among the mobile nodes connected to it through the wireless link. All the base stations (or access points) are connected through wired links so that mobile nodes in the range of one base station can communiacte with the nodes in other base station's range. Cellular Network is an example of Infrastructure Wireless Networks. Second one is called Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). It doesn't require any centralized node to coordinate the communication. All the mobile nodes collectively establish connectivity among themselves. These networks are usually multihop networks as opposed to Infrastructure wireless networks. In infrastructure wireless networks all the mobile nodes are only one hop away from the base station. In MANET if a node wants to send a message to another node which is not in its range the intermediate nodes forward the message to the recipient.
The protocols desinged for Infrastructure Wireless Networks or Wired Networks are not adaptable to MANETs because of its special characteristcs. The special characteristics include the following.
Multimedia communication over network requires some Quality-of-Service (QoS) guarantees. Satisfying the QoS guarantees is difficult in MANETs due to the same special characteristics mentioned above. So protocols which take the special characteristics MANET environment into consideration need to be designed.
Mobile and Wireless Network Security and Privacy analyzes important security and privacy problems in the realms of wireless networks and mobile computing. The material includes a report to the National Science Foundation of the United States which will be used by program managers for the foundation in setting priorities for research directions in this area. In the following chapters field experts expand upon the report and provide further information about important research directions in the fields of wireless networks and mobile computing. The chapters are written by the leading international researchers and professionals in thes fields. Each chapter represents state-of-the-art research and includes several influential contributions. A multitude of valuable discussions on relevant concepts, such as the various approaches that define emerging security and privacy in mobile and wireless environment, are featured.
The book is useful to researchers working in the fields of mobile and wireless security and privacy and to graduate students seeking new areas to perform research. It also provides information for academics and industry people researching recent trends and developments in the mobile and wireless security fields.
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Mobile software applications: When designing mobile software applications, is it worthwhile to have continuous online connections? Take a look at standards and implementation options for creating a successful and effective corporate mobile application.
Take a closer look at standards and implementation options for creating a successful and effective corporate mobile application.
Mobile software enables enterprise users to work more efficiently when they are away from their desks. But, when designing mobile software applications, developers need to consider whether it's worthwhile to have continuous online connections for users.
With an offline application, mobile software stores data on the client device, a configuration that doesn't permit the movement of information between the client device and a server while the user is moving around a facility. A person making use of an asset management application, for example, scans item bar codes that the application software stores on the memory card within the user device. At some point, the user connects the mobile device to a PC and uploads the corresponding data to a server. Of course this process doesn't involve wireless connectivity, except for the possibility of using a short-range wireless Bluetooth or Infra-Red (IrDA) connection when synchronizing the data.
An online wireless network solution automatically transmits data over a wireless network to the server, which eliminates the need to perform the manual data synchronization step. This enables the storing of data centrally on the server instead of on the handheld, making the data readily available to the application software and other users. Offline solutions are effective for many applications, but think about how your application works and then decide whether it's sensible to go wireless. For example, consider the tolerance of time delays when moving data back and forth between the user devices and the server. In some cases, such as web browsing, wireless may be an easy choice because users need the ability to continuously surf from site to site. Most control applications, such as sending guidance information to roving robots in a hospital, also require immediate updates sent over a wireless network. If the movement of data is needed quickly, then wireless is probably the way to go. Wireless network standards
Omnitel Vodafone, one of the largest mobile phone providers in Italy, began the construction of a new 3G wireless network in 2001. The company gave the initial three-year planning, design and infrastructure construction contract worth €150 million to the Finnish telecoms company Nokia to provide their well-proven technology in the Nokia 3G network solution.
The Nokia package for Omnitel Vodafone includes the entire 3G mobility core network, which encompasses packet switched and circuit switched elements and related support services. In addition, Nokia have supplied the required 3G Radio Access Network (RAN) equipment which will allow Omnitel Vodafone to offer a step-wise introduction of services as the market and user needs evolve. To this end Omnitel Vodafone and Nokia established a service creation facility for 3G application development in Milan, which was complemented by a technology centre to test the evolution of 3G technology and equipment.
Omnitel had been pre-eminent in the Italian market offering mobile telecoms services since 1995 to over 16 million subscribers, but in early 2000 the company was acquired by the UK company Vodafone who were seeking to expand into Europe to extend their 'roaming capabilities' for 3G voice and data services. The Omnitel Vodafone 3G network with Wideband Code-Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) technology entered service on the 900MHz / 1,800MHz frequency bands in May 2004.
NORTEL NETWORKS - WIRELESS INTERNET INFRASTRUCTURE FOR UMTS
Omnitel Vodafone gave a contract to Nortel Networks of Hong Kong in June 2001 to supply wireless Internet infrastructure and services for their 3G Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) network. The Nortel Network Solutions use the company's 'wings of light' strategy which combines optical, wireless and Internet Protocol (IP) to provide a reliable, high-speed wireless broadband Internet service across the network.
The equipment installed for this area of the network includes: Nortel Network's e-mobility internet base transceiver stations (BTS) for wide area radio coverage; packet-based core networks with Nortel Network's Passport multi-service switches; Nortel Network's Preside services management; Nortel Network's Shasta 5000 Broadband Service Node (BSN); and Nortel Network's Alteon Web switching.
MARCONI - DARK FIBRE OPTICAL TRANSMISSION NETWORK
Omnitel Vodafone, in an effort to make their new 3G network future proof by safe guarding availability requirements and capacity demands for high-speed data services, gave a three-year contract to Marconi in 2002 to provide a 12,000km dark fibre optical transmission network (Transmission Backbone project). Marconi provided and installed more than 300 Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) optical systems, a technology that dramatically increases the data capacity of each optical fibre.
These systems, which are a hybrid technology from Photonics Line Terminals (PLT), Photonics Line Amplifiers (PLA) and Photonics Line Add/Drop (PLD), are able to support 2.5Gb/s and 10Gb/s signals from high bandwidth traffic, with a maximum capacity of 80 x 10Gbit channels. Marconi will provide the company with an integrated range of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) ring terminals, a DWDM line system based on Marconi PLx80 systems to connect the main Italian cities, optical cross connects, integrated network management, installation and training, together with network maintenance and full, unequivocal technical support. Omnitel Vodafone hopes to save costs by using their new dark fibre optical network rather than the previous leased lines.
XACCT TECHNOLOGIES - DATA COLLECTION AND ENHANCEMENT SYSTEMS
Omnitel Vodafone has also given a contract to XACCT Technologies, a leading network data management platform for global communications service providers. They have deployed XACCTmobile, a business platform for mobile operators who want to offer value-based mobile data services over General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and IP networks.
XACCTmobile is a software solution that combines multi-source, multi-layer data collection and enhancement systems with transactional account provisioning on a single platform. It allows service providers to capture and transform raw network usage data from GPRS, UMTS, and IP networks into the actionable business information needed for billing, churn reduction, fraud prevention, service level verification and customer services. XACCTmobile is based on XACCT Technologies 'Network-to-Business' (N2B) platform.
Get Ready For A Wire-Free Enterprise
As the new 802.11n spec, with its increased speed, coverage, and reliability, intersects with a broader selection of vendor offerings, wireless is becoming a viable platform for mission-critical network connectivity.
| May 27, 2008 - By Frank Bulk | Courtesy of InformationWeek |
It's an oversimplification to say that 802.11n heralds the era of the wire-free office--though with top speeds of up to 300 Mbps, it's clearly a catalyst for cutting the cords that tether users to their desks. Yet there's no question that within a few years, Wi-Fi will become the new network edge for companies interested in saving money, attracting top talent, and increasing security.
Of course, pure-play wireless LAN vendors have been saying for a while now that wired Ethernet to the desktop is dead, despite lingering concerns about reliability, the suitability of WLANs for telephony, the complexity of managing mixed wireless and wired networks, branch office and teleworker support ... and, oh yeah, the fact that the legacy infrastructure is chugging along just fine.
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Business technology managers have long weighed these factors against the most touted benefit of Wi-Fi: increased productivity. The efficiency studies are many and the refrain generally the same: Wireless keeps information at employees' fingertips, enables quicker decision making, reduces downtime, and enables collaboration. But in today's tight economic environment, the savings picture is just as compelling. Intel estimates--and we agree--that moving to a largely wireless network can reduce capital costs 40% to 50% and operational costs 20% to 30%. Luc Roy, VP of enterprise mobility at Siemens Enterprise Communications, cites a Canadian government customer that's saving $500 per event for moves, additions, and changes.
With the rising price of all modes of travel, teleworking is looking mighty attractive as well, and IT can now extend wireless to remote sites. Aruba Networks recently announced an access point, developed with Avaya and called the Mobile Remote Access Point, that can use any broadband connection to provide secure access to business resources for both data and voice. All the employee needs is a single- or dual-mode phone, or a softphone on a wireless laptop. Remote and branch offices also are obvious places to take advantage of all-wireless access (see story, "Next-Gen IT: Building Better Branch-Office Wireless"), especially as management tools emerge for monitoring mixed-vendor WLANs (see story, "Rollout: AirWave's WLAN Management Suite Put To The Test").
Cisco Systems, Motorola, and others now offer 3G interfaces that can provide backups for branch offices and locations with minimal WAN connectivity, or for failover of critical applications. And WLAN security can beat that of most wired LANs--yes, you read that right. Sites looking into desktop virtualization should do fine on an all-Wi-Fi network as well, thanks to the small packet sizes inherent in virtual desktop infrastructures.cs Re our Analytics
Motorola sees 802.11n as an inflection point in the industry and has adopted the slogan "Wireless by default and wired by exception." It and other vendors are practicing what they preach, deploying ubiquitous WLANs in their own offices.Should you follow suit?
Although wireless vendors such as Motorola are happy to promote the wire-free office concept, Ethernet switch sellers, including Cisco and Hewlett-Packard, approach the concept with caution. That's not surprising: Switch vendors stand to lose big money as we move away from Ethernet to the desktop. Even if companies pay the manufacturer's suggested retail price for enterprise-class 802.11n gear, it's still much less expensive per user than a new 10/100/1,000-Mbps switch deployment with $250-per-drop wiring costs.
Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) is a type of wireless network that interconnects devices within a relatively small area, generally within reach of a person. For example, BluetoothZigBee also supports WPAN applications.[3] provides a WPAN for interconnecting a headset to a laptop.
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is a wireless alternative to a computer Local Area Network (LAN) that uses radio instead of wires to transmit data back and forth between computers in a small area such as a home, office, or school. Wireless LANs are standardized under the IEEE 802.11 series.
Wireless Metropolitan area networks are a type of wireless network that connects several Wireless LANs.
In recent decades with the development of smart phones, cellular telephone networks have been used to carry computer data in addition to telephone conversations:
See also mobile telecommunications.
While Internet technologies largely succeed in overcoming the barriers of time and distance, existing Internet technologies have yet to fully accommodate the increasing mobile computer usage. A promising technology used to eliminate this current barrier is Mobile IP. The emerging 3G mobile networks are set to make a huge difference to the international business community. 3G networks will provide sufficient bandwidth to run most of the business computer applications while still providing a reasonable user experience.
However, 3G networks are not based on only one standard, but a set of radio technology standards such as cdma2000, EDGE and WCDMA. It is easy to foresee that the mobile user from time to time also would like to connect to fixed broadband networks, wireless LANs and, mixtures of new technologies such as Bluetooth associated to e.g. cable TV and DSL access points.
In this light, a common macro mobility management framework is required in order to allow mobile users to roam between different access networks with little or no manual intervention. (Micro mobility issues such as radio specific mobility enhancements are supposed to be handled within the specific radio technology.) IETF has created the Mobile IP standard for this purpose.
Mobile IP is different compared to other efforts for doing mobility management in the sense that it is not tied to one specific access technology. In earlier mobile cellular standards, such as GSM, the radio resource and mobility management was integrated vertically into one system. The same is also true for mobile packet data standards such as CDPD, Cellular Digital Packet Data and the internal packet data mobility protocol (GTP/MAP) of GPRS/UMTS networks. This vertical mobility management property is also inherent for the increasingly popular 802.11 Wireless LAN standard.
Mobile IP can be seen as the least common mobility denominator - providing seamless macro mobility solutions among the diversity of accesses. Mobile IP is defining a Home Agent as an anchor point with which the mobile client always has a relationship, and a Foreign Agent, which acts as the local tunnel-endpoint at the access network where the mobile client is visiting. Depending on which network the mobile client is currently visiting; its point of attachment Foreign Agent) may change. At each point of attachment, Mobile IP either requires the availability of a standalone Foreign Agent or the usage of a Co-located care-of address in the mobile client itself.
The concept of "Mobility" or "packet data mobility", means different things depending on what context the word is used within. In a wireless or fixed environment, there are many different ways of implementing partial or full mobility and roaming services. The most common ways of implementing mobility (discrete mobility or IP roaming service) support in today's IP networking environments includes simple "PPP dial-up" as well as company internal mobility solutions implemented by means of renewal of IP address at each new point of attachment. The most commonly deployed way of supporting remote access users in today's Internet is to utilize the public telephone network (fixed or mobile) and to use the PPP dial-up functionality.
An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is an information-processing paradigm that is inspired by the way biological nervous systems, such as the brain, process information. The key element of this paradigm is the novel structure of the information processing system. It is composed of a large number of highly interconnected processing elements (neurons) working in unison to solve specific problems. ANNs, like people, learn by example. An ANN is configured for a specific application, such as pattern recognition or data classification, through a learning process. Learning in biological systems involves adjustments to the synaptic connections that exist between the neurons. This is true of ANNs as well.
Neural network simulations appear to be a recent development. However, this field was established before the advent of computers, and has survived several eras. Many important advances have been boosted by the use of inexpensive computer emulations. The first artificial neuron was produced in 1943 by the neurophysiologist Warren McCulloch and the logician Walter Pitts.
There were some initial simulations using formal logic. McCulloch and Pitts (1943) developed models of neural networks based on their understanding of neurology. These models made several assumptions about how neurons worked. Their networks were based on simple neurons, which were considered to be binary devices with fixed threshold.
Not only was neuroscience, but psychologists and engineers also contributed to the progress of neural network simulations. Rosenblatt (1958) stirred considerable interest and activity in the field when he designed and developed the Perceptron. The Perceptron had three layers with the middle layer known as the association layer. This system could learn to connect or associate a given input to a random output unit.
Another system was the ADALINE (Adaptive Linear Element) which was developed in 1960 by Widrow and Hoff (of Stanford University). The ADALINE was an analogue electronic device made from simple components. The method used for learning was different to that of the Perceptron, it employed the Least-Mean-Squares (LMS) learning rule. Progress during the late 1970s and early 1980s was important to the re-emergence on interest in the neural network field.Significant progress has been made in the field of neural networks-enough to attract a great deal of attention and fund further research. Neurally based chips are emerging and applications to complex problems developing. Clearly, today is a period of transition for neural network technology.
The two most important phenomena impacting telecommunications over the past decade have been explosive parallel growth of both the internet and mobile telephone services. The internet brought the benefits of data communications to the masses with email, the web, and ecommerce; while mobile service has enabled "follow-me anywhere/always on" telephony. The internet helped accelerate the trend from voice-centric to data-centric networking. Data already exceeds voice traffic and the data share continues to grow. Now these two worlds are converging. This convergence offers the benefits of new interactive multimedia services coupled to the flexibility and mobility of wireless. To realize the full potential of this convergence, however, we need broadband access connections.
Here we compare and contrast two technologies that are likely to play important roles: Third Generation mobile ("3G") and Wireless Local Area Networks ("WLAN") . The former represents a natural evolution and extension of the business models of existing mobile providers. In contrast, the WiFi approach would leverage the large installed base of WLAN infrastructure already in place. We use 3G and WiFi as shorthand for the broad classes of related technologies that have two quiet distinct industry origins and histories.
Speaking broadly, 3G offers a vertically -integrated , top -down , service - provider approach to delivering wireless internet access , while WiFi offers an end -user -centric , decentralized approach to service provisioning. We use these two technologies to focus our speculations on the potential tensions between these two alternative world views. The wireless future will include a mix of heterogenous wireless access technologies. Moreover, we expect that the two world views will converge such that vertically-integrated service providers will integrate WiFi or other WLAN technologies into their 3G or wire line infrastructure when this make sense. The multiplicity of potential wireless access technologies and /or business models provided some hope that we may be able to realize robust facilities - based competition for broadband local access services. If this occurs, it would help solve the "last mile" competition problem that has been deviled telecommunication policy.
SOME BACKGROUND ON WiFi AND 3G
3G:
3G is a technology for mobile service providers. Mobile services are provided by service providers that own and operate their own wireless networks and sell mobile services to and -users. Mobile service providers use licensed spectrum to provide wireless telephone coverage over some relatively large contiguous geographic service area. Today it may include the entire country. From a user's perspective, the key feature of mobile service is that it offers ubiquitous and continuous coverage. To support the service, mobile operators maintain a network of interconnected and overlapping mobile base stations that hand-off customers as those customers move among adjacent cells. Each mobile base station may support user's upto several kilometers away. The cell towers are connected to each other by a backhaul network that also provides interconnection to the wire line Public Switched Telecommunications Network (PSTN) and other services. The mobile system operator owns the end-to-end network from the base stations to the backhaul networks to the point of interconnection to the PSTN. Third
Generations (3G) mobile technologies will support higher bandwidth digital communications. To expand the range and capability of data services that can be supported by digital mobile systems, service providers will have to upgrade their networks to one of the 3G technologies which can support data rates of from 384Kbps up to 2Mbps.
WiFi
WiFi is the popular name for the wireless Ethernet 802.11b standard for WLANs . WiFi allows collections of PCs, terminals ,and other distributed computing devices to share resources and peripherals such as printers, access servers etc. One of the most popular LAN technologies was Ethernet.
Name: Cisco IP Routing: Packet Forwarding and Intra-domain Routing Protocols
Author: By Alex Zinin
Publisher: Addison Wesley Professional
Pub Date: October 30, 2001
Print ISBN-10: 0-201-60473-6
Print ISBN-13: 978-0-201-60473-3
Pages: 656
Slots: 2.0
As a networking professional, you will find this practical guide an invaluable resource for understanding routing technologies and configuring and troubleshooting Cisco routers, as well as for studying for the CCIE exam. Cisco IP Routing presents the most thorough information available on the inner workings of Cisco routers. Focusing on intra-domain dynamic routing protocols, the book provides an in-depth understanding of IP routing and forwarding technologies, and their implementation within Cisco routers.
SAP system with a new or improved wireless network and mobile computers, for real-time data collection in your warehouse or manufacturing facility.
Mobile solutions for SAP R/3 include:
Project Service Offerings:
Application Solutions:
